Nicotine Tabacum, commonly known as the tobacco plant, comes from South America and was called cohiba by the aboriginal groups that cultivated the plants of tobacco in the same area where they cultivated yucca (apparently because these plants protected the root vegetables from some plagues) and its use was mainly medicinal and spiritual. The arrival of Columbus in Cuba in 1492 allowed the inland exploration of the island. On November 4 of that same year, the explorers came back to the camp very surprised of the lit charred sticks that the natives had in their mouth and which receives the name of tobacco. This was, of course, the first historical reference to the plant.
Nevertheless, Catholic Spain did not approve it in the beginning, and the colonial legislation forbade the planting of tobacco, which was called “the devil’s weed”. Despite this, tobacco was spread throughout the world from the moment the Spanish had control of it. Poor farmers, most of them coming from the Canaries, inherited the cultivation of the plant and made of it a family tradition. During the 17th century, tobacco planting was consolidated and the promoters of the precious leaf were mainly countrymen. In a first stage it was planted on the banks of rivers, nearby the villages and cities. Havana and its surroundings became important cultivation areas (Santiago de las Vegas, Bejucal and San Miguel del Padrón)
With time and the constant opposition of the governments in the villages, the planting of tobacco moved away from the cities, giving birth to the settlement of San Cristobal, Los Palacios, Río Hondo, Guamá, San Juan and Cuyaguateje in Pinar del Río province, which was a very slow process. In those settlements, the method of tobacco cultivation that the aboriginal groups used was kept the same: tobacco was planted in meadows generally very close to rivers. There is evidence, as well, of the cultivation of the plant in the mountains, in places like San Felipe and Viñales.
Pirates and privateers that abounded in the area during the 17th and 18th centuries also developed a strong tie to the crop. These sailors were in charge of spreading the news about the quality of the tobacco produced in the eastern part of Cuba in the 17th century. They truly appreciated the quality of the leaf, everywhere they arrived in they talked about it, and so the number of consumers became increasingly larger.
The vegueros (people who cultivate tobacco) from Guane earned their fame since the 17th century due to their harvests and the quality of the tobacco they produced. After several rebellions, the area of Vueltabajo became the producing center of tobacco in Cuba. The Spanish then intervened with a tobacco levy policy and placed a factory in Guane in order to control the buying-selling and to avoid the increasing smuggling.
The lifting of the tobacco levy policy in 1817 created an environment ideal for the development of production: the existence of financial sources; the obtaining of ideal lands for cultivation; and higher prices that facilitated an increase of the production and commercialization, among other factors. With the development of the industrial process, factories and cigar brands appeared, linked mainly to the production of a set of meadows. Later on, these factories and brands were reduced to the most well known located in Pinar del Rio, Havana and Las Villas. During the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, the cultivation of the leaves and the quality of Cuban cigars were consolidated. The cultivation of tobacco has become a genuine product of the Island which has transcended to the development of worldwide brands like Partagás, Romeo and Juliet, Montecristo and Cohiba.